随着医疗新技术和新的手术工具的不断涌现，带动了手术量的迅猛上升，而且手术室是医学技术与工程技术结合的产物，下面来讲讲手术室建设要求以及手术室感染控制原则是怎样的？
With the continuous emergence of new medical technologies and new surgical tools, the number of operations has increased rapidly. Moreover, the operating room is the product of the combination of medical technology and engineering technology. What are the requirements of the operating room and the principles of infection control in the operating room?
手术室的要求
Operating room requirements
手术室是医院中无菌洁净要求很严格的地方之一，
手术室的建设、布局、工作流程和治理都是围绕无菌要求设计的。
The operating room is one of the places in the hospital with strict aseptic and clean requirements. The construction, layout, work flow and management of the operating room are designed around the aseptic requirements.
手术室又是医疗设备密集的科室，除手术床、无影灯外，麻醉机、监护、电刀以及自体血回收机、手术显微镜、影像系统等已成为手术常用设备。随着技术的发展，新的手术工具不断涌现，如各类软硬内窥镜下手术、导航设备、立体定位系统、手术机器人等微创手术辅助设备等，如此众多的设备拥挤在手术室内，对设备布局、安装、配电及用电安全提出了更高的要求。
The operating room is also a department with dense medical equipment. In addition to the operating table and shadowless lamp, anesthesia machine, monitoring, electric knife, autologous blood recovery machine, operating microscope and imaging system have become common equipment for surgery. With the development of technology, new surgical tools are constantly emerging, such as various soft and hard endoscopic surgery, navigation equipment, stereo positioning system, surgical robot and other minimally invasive surgical auxiliary equipment. So many equipment are crowded in the operating room, which puts forward higher requirements for equipment layout, installation, power distribution and power safety.
另外，现在各家医院分散建设的导管室、膀胱镜室等，有些也是参照手术室要求建立起来的准手术室。尤其是开展参与治疗的导管室，基本上是严格按照手术室的规范治理和使用，这些科室广义上说也是扩展的手术室。这些准手术室在老医院都是见缝插针式地建设，新建医院应该综合考虑这些科室与常规手术室间的布局安排。
In addition, some of the catheter rooms and cystoscopy rooms scattered in various hospitals are also quasi operating rooms established according to the requirements of operating rooms. In particular, the catheter rooms involved in the treatment are basically managed and used in strict accordance with the specifications of the operating room. In a broad sense, these departments are also expanded operating rooms. These quasi operating rooms are built in the old hospital in a timely manner. The new hospital should comprehensively consider the layout between these departments and the conventional operating rooms.
手术室感染控制原则
Principles of infection control in operating room
防止和降低手术感染是手术室建设很基本的要求，感染控制的方法有：
Preventing and reducing surgical infection is a very basic requirement for the construction of the operating room. The methods of infection control include:
(1)通过术前备皮和术中对非手术区域的无菌覆盖，减少患者自身感染；(2)对手术用具和物品的严格消毒或隔离，减少外源接触感染；(3)降低空气中的灰尘和微生物粒子，减少悬浮污染物的扩散感染；(4)使用抗生素。这是一种补救措施，其靠药物往控制已发生的感染。
(1) Through preoperative skin preparation and aseptic coverage of non-surgical areas during the operation, the patient's self infection can be reduced; (2) Strictly disinfect or isolate surgical instruments and articles to reduce external contact infection; (3) Reduce the dust and microbial particles in the air and reduce the diffusion and infection of suspended pollutants; (4) Use antibiotics. This is a remedial measure that relies on drugs to control the infection that has occurred.
我国目前普遍存在的题目是，只注重预防感染结果，而忽略了对感染的全过程控制。临床表现是依靠大量抗生素来减少术后感染率，而对手术无菌过程缺乏严格控制。
At present, the common problem in our country is that we only pay attention to the prevention of infection results and neglect the whole process control of infection. The clinical manifestation is to rely on a large number of antibiotics to reduce the postoperative infection rate, while the aseptic process of the operation lacks strict control.
为减少抗生素的滥用，必须进步手术室洁净水平，严格无菌操纵和治理，加强对整个手术过程的控制，切断所有可能的污染途径(包括空气)，阻止细菌接触手术创口进进人体。
In order to reduce the abuse of antibiotics, it is necessary to improve the cleanliness level of the operating room, strictly control the aseptic operation and treatment, strengthen the control of the whole operation process, cut off all possible pollution channels (including air), and prevent bacteria from contacting the surgical wound and entering the human
LAPC9018T激光尘埃粒子计数器
本仪器是根据新版GMP（2010版）的要求。该产品整体体采用316L不锈钢制作的外壳。激光传感器采用全半导体激光器及半导体光敏二极管接收器，确保光源的稳定性和信号接收器的准确度。大大减少了散射腔内的杂散射光，提高了传感器的信噪比。采用LCD液晶触摸屏控制，使的显示数据清晰，操作方便。该仪器可根据客户选择的标准，自动判断出各种净化等级。该产品广泛应用于医疗，制药，电子，化学，光学，食品，化妆品，生物制品，航空航天及各种检测机构用作尘埃粒子的检测.
主要技术参数：
光源 | 半导体激光器, 寿命大于10年>30000h |
采样流量 | 2.83L/min （0.1ft3） 进口气泵 |
计数效率 | 0.3μm 50% ±20 0.5μm 100% ±10 |
粒径浓度示值误差 | ±20% |
粒径分布误差 | ±30% |
最大采样浓度 | 30000颗/L |
显示方式 | 155×85mm高分辨率液晶触摸屏显示（LCD） 中文界面、实时显示、上一周期显示、实时浓度显示、可显示时间、日期、测量值、温湿度、房间号、采样点、采样次数、状态等参数、 95% UCL 计算, 可直接显示粒子浓度 (颗/立方米) |
供电/工作电源 | 最大功耗: 20W (1)内置长效锂电池: 可长时间连续测量工作8小时,外置充电器可快速充满(<4小时) 充电器供电为100V～220V,50/60Hz |
工作时间 | 8小时 |
计数模式 | 累计值，差值，浓度值 |
测试方式 | 单一、重复、连续、计算、远程、 |
单位换算 | 单位可换算成m3 |
粒径通道 | 0.3 、 0.5、 1.0、3.0、 5.0、 10.0μm, 或0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 25 μm六档粒径同时计数.粒径可根据客户需要订制 |
采样周期 | 1～9999 (S) 延时计数：0～99（S ） 自净时间：≤10 （min ） |
工作环境 | 温度:0～40℃ (50～104℉) 相对温度:20～90%RH,无凝露. 大气压力：86-106KPa |
温湿度： | 选购 （1）温度：0～50℃±1℃. （2）湿度：0～100%RH±5% |
UCL设置 | 采样点数（A）：2～9点设定。 每点采样次数：（L）2～9次设定 测量位置：0-999 |
UCL报表 | 符合ISO14644-1、GB50073-2001、 GMP(2010) |
数据存储 | 可存储20000组数据（循环式缓冲区）(包括粒径、数据、环境数据、年、月、日、时间，采样量，数据位置口)，断电后数据不丢失。 可根据客户需要订制带审计追踪功能及用户权限管理（初级，中级，高级） |
通讯接口 | RS232，9600波特率，USB接口 U盘直接导出数据，无需在电脑上安装上位机软件，就可在电脑上直接打开测试数据的文件 |
报警设置 | 仪器带级别报警功能，可对洁净室100级，1000级，10000级，100000级，300000级，1000000级超标后报警, 同时符合新版GMP标准的A/B/C/D四个级别静态和动态标准的测量 /四种标准切换测量 |
零计数 | 符合JJF-1190-2008尘埃粒子计数器计量校准规范及ISO/FDIS21501-4：2007 每五分钟少于1个 |
重叠误差 | 5 %，2,000,000粒/立方英尺时 |
打印功能 | 热敏打印机 |
重量 | 2.26kg |
校准 | 可满足JJF-1190-2008尘埃粒子计数器计量校准规范及ISO/FDIS21501-4：2007（E）洁净室光散射尘埃粒子计数器校准方法，可追溯至上海计量测量技术研究院也可自行进行校准或第三方国家计量机构进行校准，也可追溯美国国家标准技术协会（NIST），,我公司已通过国家计量建标考核，我公司的标准尘埃粒子计数器已参加了各省计量机构参与的全国尘埃粒子计数器量值比对，并为相关计量检测机构作为进行尘埃粒子计数器计量校准工作时的标准精密粒子计数器使用。 |
标准配置 | 专业等动力采样头、带采样管的采样支架、内置打印机, 铝合金箱、操作手册、出厂检测报告、零计数过滤器、充电器、采样架、打印纸 |
外形尺寸 | 220×220×230（mm） |
